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Quakers
Quakers (or Friends) are members of a group of religious movements which is known as the Religious Society of Friends in Europe, Australia, New Zealand and parts of North America; and known as the Friends Church in Africa, Asia, South America and parts of the US. The movements were originally, and are still predominantly, Christian in basis. Members of the movements profess the priesthood of all believers,〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://qfp.quakerweb.org.uk/qfp11-01.html )〕 a doctrine derived from .〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.qkr.be/?page_id=95 )〕 They include those with evangelical, holiness, liberal, and traditional Quaker understandings of Christianity. To differing extents, the different movements that make up the Religious Society of Friends/Friends Church avoid creeds and hierarchical structures.〔(The Trouble With "Ministers" ) by Chuck Fager gives an overview of the hierarchy Friends had until it began to be abolished in the mid-eighteenth century. Retrieved 26 April 2014.〕 In 2007, there were approximately 359,000 adult Quakers.
Around 79% of Quakers worldwide belong to the 'evangelical' and 'programmed' branches of Quakerism – these Quakers worship in services with singing and a prepared message from the Bible, coordinated by a pastor. Around 11% of Friends practice ''waiting worship'', or ''unprogrammed worship'', where the order of service is not planned in advance, is predominantly silent, and may include unprepared vocal ministry from those present. Some meetings of both types have Recorded Ministers in their meetings—Friends recognised for their gift of vocal ministry.〔Drayton, Brian (1994) ("Recorded Ministers in the Society of Friends: Then and Now. Friends General Conference" ). fgcquaker.org〕
The first Quakers lived in mid-17th century England. The movement arose from the Legatine-Arians and other dissenting Protestant groups, breaking away from the established Church of England. The Quakers, especially the ones known as the Valiant Sixty, attempted to convert others to their understanding of Christianity, travelling both throughout Great Britain and overseas, preaching the gospel of Jesus Christ. Some of these early Quaker ministers were women. They based their message on the religious belief that "Christ has come to teach his people himself", stressing the importance of a direct relationship with God through Jesus Christ, and a direct religious belief in the universal priesthood of all believers. They emphasized a personal and direct religious experience of Christ, acquired through both direct religious experience and the reading and studying of the Bible.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/church-families/friends-quakers.html )〕 Quakers focused their private life on developing behaviour and speech reflecting emotional purity and the light of God.
In the past, Quakers were known for their use of ''thou'' as an ordinary pronoun, refusal to participate in war, plain dress, refusal to swear oaths, opposition to slavery, and teetotalism. Described as "natural capitalists" by the BBC, some Quakers founded banks and financial institutions, including Barclays, Lloyds, and Friends Provident; manufacturing companies including Clarks and the big three British confectionary makers Cadbury, Rowntree and Fry's; and philanthropic efforts, including abolition of slavery, prison reform, and social justice projects.
== History ==
(詳細はウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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